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DYNASTIC RIVER · 59 STATES

One river through division and reunion.

Major dynasties and concurrent states from Qin to Qing share one panorama. Every state in the Sixteen and Ten Kingdoms has its own named, dated stream.

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PEOPLE

History has many faces.

Later artistic portrait of 陆仲亨, left page of Wanxiaotang Zhuzhuang Huazhuan (1743); complete scanned spread.Ming Dynasty

Founding General

Lu Zhongheng

1390 CE

Lu Zhongheng (1336–1390), courtesy name Guxiang, was a native of Haozhou (modern Fengyang, Anhui Province) and a prominent founding commander of the Ming dynasty, celebrated as one of the original "Twenty-Four Generals of Huaixi." Orphaned at age seventeen during the chaos of the late Yuan dynasty, he was discovered hiding in the marshes by Zhu Yuanzhang and enlisted into his personal bodyguard. Lu fought with except

Historical photograph of Li Hongzhang.Qing Dynasty

General

Li Hongzhang

1823 CE–1901 CE

Li Hongzhang (February 15, 1823–November 7, 1901), generational name Zhangtong, courtesy names Jianfu and Zifu, and style names Shaoquan (also written Shaoquan), Yisou, and Shengxin, was from Modian Township, Hefei County, Luzhou Prefecture, Anhui, now part of Hefei. He was a senior late-Qing official and an important modern Chinese politician, military leader, diplomat, industrial promoter, and reformer. He was wide

Northern Song

Official

Yan Su

961 CE–1040 CE

Yan Su (961–1040), courtesy name Muzhi and also called Zhongmu, was a Northern Song official, painter, and poet whose work also ranged across astronomy, tidal observation, mechanics, and timekeeping. His family came from Yidu in Qingzhou; his father, Yan Jun, moved the family to Caozhou to escape warfare. Yan was left poor and without a father at a young age. He passed the jinshi examination during the Dazhong Xiangf

Historical painting or book illustration depicting 司马邺; a later artistic interpretation.Former Zhao

Emperor

Sima Ye

300 CE–318 CE

Sima Ye (300–February 7, 318), also written Sima Ye, courtesy name Yanqi, was a native of Wen County in Henei Commandery (present-day Wen County, Henan) and the last emperor of the Western Jin. He was a grandson of Emperor Wu of Jin, Sima Yan, and the son of Sima Yan, Prince Xiao of Wu. In 311, the fifth year of the Yongjia era, Former Zhao captured Luoyang. After moving from refuge to refuge, Sima Ye was escorted to

Tang Dynasty

Historical figure

Ashina Helu

?–659 CE

Ashina Helu (d. 659), of the Ashina clan, was a Western Turkic noble who served as yabghu and later proclaimed himself Shaboluo Qaghan. After a succession crisis within the Western Turks, he submitted to the Tang and received official appointments, including command in a campaign against Kucha. After Emperor Taizong's death, Helu broke with the Tang, proclaimed himself qaghan, united the Duolu and Nushibi tribes, and

Sui Dynasty

General

Su Dingfang

592 CE–667 CE

Su Dingfang (592 or 600–667 AD; birth year disputed), original name Su Lie, styled Dingfang, native of Wuyi in Jizhou (modern Wuyi County, Hebei Province), later relocating to Shiping, was one of the most celebrated and consequential grand generals and military strategists of the early Tang dynasty. Rising to prominence during the late Sui rebellions, he fought under Dou Jiande before entering Tang service. In 630 AD

Former Qin

Chieftain of Qifu Xianbei

Qifu Sifan

4 CE

Qifu Sifan (birth year unknown – 376) was a prominent chieftain of the Qifu branch of the Xianbei people, supreme military commander, and foundational architect of the Western Qin dynasty during the Sixteen Kingdoms period. The son of chieftain Qifu Qiuji, he was the father of Qifu Guoren (founding Emperor Liezu of Western Qin) and Qifu Gangui (King Gaozu). Around 355, Qifu Sifan succeeded his father as tribal leader

Cao Wei

Historical figure

Guanqiu Jian

?–255 CE

Guanqiu Jian, courtesy name Zhonggong, a native of Wenxi in Hedong, was a distinguished general, military strategist, and writer of Cao Wei during the Three Kingdoms period. In his early years, Guanqiu Jian developed an intimate friendship with Cao Rui (later Emperor Ming of Wei), serving successively as Imperial Secretariat Drafter, Supervisor of the Imperial Forest Guards, and Agricultural Commandant of Luoyang. In

Sun Wu

Powerful minister

Sun Chen

223 CE–259 CE

Sun Chen (231–January 18, 259), courtesy name Zitong, was a native of Fuchun in Wu Commandery, present-day Fuyang District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang. He was a member of the Sun imperial clan and a powerful minister of Sun Wu during the Three Kingdoms period. He was a great-grandson of Sun Jing, younger brother of Sun Jian; grandson of Sun Gao; son of Sun Chuo; a younger cousin of Sun Jun; and elder brother of Sun Ju, Sun E

Northern Dynasties

Military Commander

Ren Zhong

?–589 CE

Ren Zhong (birth and death years unknown), courtesy name Fengcheng and childhood name Mannu, was a prominent military commander, supreme general, and high dignitary during the Southern and Northern Dynasties and the Sui dynasty. A native of Ruyin (present-day Fuyang, Anhui), he was renowned for equestrian archery, physical courage, and tactical agility. Rising from the ranks during the Hou Jing rebellion under the Li

Liao dynasty

Emperor

Yelü Dashi

1087 CE–1143 CE

Yelü Dashi (1087–1143), courtesy name Zhongde, was a Khitan, an eighth-generation descendant of Yelü Abaoji, and the founding emperor of Western Liao, with the temple name Dezong. Literate in both Khitan and Chinese and skilled in riding and archery, he is the only Khitan jinshi explicitly recorded in the *History of Liao*. During the collapse of the Liao he led followers west and founded Western Liao in Central Asia

Cao Cao depicted in Sancai Tuhui; a later book illustration, not a photograph.Eastern Han

Late Eastern Han statesman and military commander

Cao Cao

155 CE–220 CE

Cao Cao (155(1st year of Yongshou)–220(25th year of Jian'an)), courtesy name Mengde and childhood name Aman, was a native of Qiao County in Pei Commandery and a late Eastern Han statesman, military commander, and poet. He entered Eastern Han service early in life. After the Yellow Turban Rebellion began, he took part in suppressing the rebels and later established a military base in Yan Province. After bringing Emper

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HISTORICAL SCENES

Return to the scene. See how events unfolded.

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01

史料未明确时代 · 206 BCE–202 BCE

Chu–Han Contention

The Chu–Han Contention, also called the Chu–Han War and by several other names in Chinese, was a large-scale war from 206 BCE to January 202 BCE between the two major groups led by Xiang Yu, Hegemon-King of Western Chu, and Liu Bang, King of Han, for political supremacy. The conflict took its name from the titles of the two sides: Xiang Yu called himself Hegemon-King of Western Chu, while Liu Bang had been enfeoffed

China
02

Eastern Han · 184 CE–184 CE

Yellow Turban Rebellion

The Yellow Turban Rebellion, also called the Yellow Turban Uprising or Yellow Turban revolt, was a large-scale peasant rebellion led by Zhang Jue, leader of the Way of Great Peace, in the late Eastern Han. It broke out in 184, the first year of the Zhongping era under Emperor Ling of Han, and took its name from the yellow headscarves worn by the rebels. The uprising lasted about nine months. Although it was suppresse

China
03

史料未明确时代 · 1271 CE–1271 CE

Kublai Khan's Proclamation of the Dynastic Name "Great Yuan"

Kublai Khan (23 September 1215–18 February 1294), a member of the Borjigin imperial lineage, was a grandson of Genghis Khan, the fourth son of Tolui, and a younger brother of Möngke. He founded the Yuan Dynasty, proclaimed the dynastic name “Great Yuan” in 1271, conquered the Southern Song in 1279, and unified China. During his reign he adopted Chinese administrative practices, strengthened central authority, and bui

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04

史料未明确时代 · 209 BCE–209 BCE

Chen Sheng and Wu Guang Uprising

The Dazexiang Uprising, also known as the Chen Sheng and Wu Guang uprising, was the first recorded large-scale uprising of commoners in Chinese history. In the autumn of 209 BCE, the first year of Qin Er Shi, Chen Sheng, Wu Guang, and more than nine hundred conscripted garrison troops were ordered to Yuyang on the northern frontier. On the way, heavy rain stopped them at Dazexiang in Qi County (southeast of present-d

China
05

史料未明确时代 · 1839 CE–1839 CE

Destruction of Opium at Humen

Lin Zexu publicly destroyed confiscated opium at Humen near Guangzhou, an important act of resistance to foreign aggression in modern Chinese history.

China
06

史料未明确时代 · 208 CE–208 CE

Battle of Red Cliffs

The Battle of Red Cliffs was a decisive battle in 208, the thirteenth year of the Jian'an era in the late Eastern Han, in which the allied forces of Sun Quan and Liu Bei defeated Cao Cao's army near Red Cliffs on the Yangtze River (northwest of present-day Chibi, Hubei). It is one of the best-known Chinese battles in which a smaller and weaker force defeated a larger one, and one of the most famous of the “three grea

China

RELATION NETWORK

From one point into an age.

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EXPLORE MORE

Follow offices, cities, and culture across Chinese history.

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Offices through time

One stable term, with responsibilities and institutional change explained by dynasty.

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Historical cities

Names, locations, administrative roles, and urban change.

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Culture & works

Painting, porcelain, poetry, and historically themed reading.